ABSTRACT Evaluating the effects of N and K supply on grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L.) and the techniques for nutritional diagnosis is of great importance for fertigation management of this crop. This study evaluated the effects of N and K fertigation on the soluble concentrations of NO 3 – and K + in the petiole sap and on the leaf chlorophyll index in drip irrigated ‘Syrah’ grapevine (from 17 June 2013 to 25 Nov 2014). The treatments consisted of five levels of N (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha –1 ) and K 2 O (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha –1 ), combined in an incomplete 5 2 factorial scheme in 13 combinations and arranged in randomized blocks with four replications. We determined NO 3 – and K + concentrations in petiole sap, leaf chlorophyll index, grapevine cluster mass and number per plant, mean grapevine cluster mass, and phenolic composition. High NO 3 – concentrations contributed positively to grapevine yield; however, increased K+ concentrations caused a negative response of sap. For 120 kg N ha –1 rate, NO 3 – in the sap and chlorophyll index showed higher values at the flowering stage, while high values for K + were observed during the grape-ripening stage.

ABSTRACT Brazilian semi-arid tropical is responsible for the production and export of fine table grapes, but the demand for phosphate fertilizers and other agricultural inputs increases the cost of production and threatens local water bodies by leaching of phosphorus (P). The objectives of this study were to quantify the organic and inorganic fractions of P and to determine chemical and microbiological attributes related to its mineralization in soils cultivated with vines in São Francisco Valley. It was hypothesized that P fractions and microbial activity would increase in areas fertilized with phosphate. Soil samples from vines were collected in cultivated areas and in fallow systems. P fractionation, macro-elements analysis, microbial biomass phosphorus (Pmic), and phosphatase enzyme activity were determined and correlated with each other and with the total proportion of synthesized glomalin. In both treatments, the inorganic P fractions exceeded the organic ones, and the total phosphorus available in those soils was associated with the most recalcitrant fractions, reducing risks of leaching of this element and contamination of water bodies. Pmic was higher in the winery areas due to the presence of phosphate fertilizers and organic matter, hence the activity of alkaline phosphatase enzymes and the production of total glomalin increased respectively in three and four evaluated areas, indicating that P-mineralized bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been positively affected by the current agricultural system.

Resumo A prática da fertirrigação pode aumentar a eficiência de aplicação de fertilizantes e facilitar o manejo nutricional de uma cultura agrícola. Assim, os movimentos de nitrato e de potássio em solo de textura franco arenosa foram avaliados em função da dose de fertilizantes, durante três ciclos de produção da videira de vinho cv. Syrah sobre o porta-enxerto Paulsen 1103 (junho a outubro de 2013, fevereiro a junho de 2014 e agosto a novembro 2014), em Petrolina, Pernambuco. Cinco doses de N (0; 15; 30; 60 e 120 kg ha-1) e cinco doses de K2O (0; 15; 30; 60 e 120 kg ha-1) foram combinadas em um esquema fatorial 52 fracionado, em um total de 13 combinações, e com disposição dos tratamentos em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A concentração de nitrato e de potássio foi determinada na solução do solo, que foi coletada por meio de extratores de cápsulas porosas instalados a 0,4 e 0,6 m de profundidade. O movimento desses íons foi obtido pelo produto entre a concentração dos mesmos na solução do solo e a densidade de fluxo de água no solo. O aumento da adubação nitrogenada promoveu maior movimento de NO3- (62,2 kg ha-1) no solo. O movimento de K+ também foi observado em dois ciclos de produção.

Abstract Fertigation can increase the efficiency of fertilizer application and facilitate the nutritional management of a crop. Thus, nitrate and potassium movements in a sandy loam soil were evaluated as function of fertilizer doses during three growing seasons of the grapevine cv. Syrah grafted on Paulsen 1103 rootstock (June to October 2013, February to June 2014, and August to November 2014) in Petrolina, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Five doses of N (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1) and five doses of K2O (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1) were combined in a fractional 52 factorial design, totaling 13 combinations, in a randomized blocks experiment with four replications. The concentrations of nitrate and potassium in the soil solution were determined. Samples were collected by porous cup extractors installed at 0.4 and 0.6 m depths. The movement of these ions was obtained by the product between their concentration in the soil solution and the soil water flux density. The increase in nitrogen fertilization promoted a greater movement of NO3- (62.2 kg ha-1) in the soil. The movement of K+ was also observed in two growing seasons .

Cultivation can substantially change soil quality through improvement or degradation of the physical and chemical characteristics. Vineyard soils are sensitive to soil changes due to the intensive chemical input. This study assesses the soil fertility changes in vineyard soils of the São Francisco valley in Northeastern Brazil during different cultivation time spans (5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, and 16 years). An area with natural vegetation (Caatinga) was used as a reference area. We analyzed pH, exchangeable contents of Ca, Mg, Na, K, and Al, potential acidity (H+Al), available P, total organic matter, sum of bases, CEC, Al saturation, and base saturation at depths of 0-20 and 20-40 cm. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used for data evaluation. The results showed that soil fertility changes were closely related to cultivation time spans. Contents of organic matter, Ca, Mg, and K were increased in most of the vineyard soils. The management of P fertilization deserves attention as the very high concentrations in soil are prone to leach and can contribute to triggering eutrophication. Discriminant and factor analyses proved to be useful tools for distinguishing the effects of management in the cultivated areas and helping to achieve sustainable land use in such fragile agro-ecosystems.

RESUMO No Semiárido do Brasil com o advento da irrigação na fruticultura, o aproveitamento destes sistemas para o uso da fertirrigação é um dos principais meios para a incorporação de nutrientes no solo. Porém, esta técnica ainda requer avaliações sobre seu uso, manejo e sistemas de aplicação. Diante disto, esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a concentração de nitrato e potássio em solo fertirrigado com fertilizantes nitrogenados e potássicos em cultivo de videira de vinho. Foi realizado um experimento de campo com videiras 'Syrah', em Petrolina-PE, sendo avaliados cinco doses de nitrogênio (0, 15, 30, 60 e 120 kg ha-1) e cinco doses de K2O (0, 15, 30, 60 e 120 kg ha-1), em esquema fatorial fracionado, perfazendo 13 combinações, dispostas no delineamento blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, aplicadas via fertirrigação. A irrigação foi realizada por gotejamento com dois emissores por planta com vazão de 4 L h-1. Amostras de solução do solo foram coletas semanalmente em todos os tratamentos nas profundidades de 0,4 e 0,6 m, determinando-se a concentração de nitrato, de potássio e a condutividade elétrica. Os resultados permitiram concluir que o aumento da concentração de nitrogênio e potássio na água de irrigação aumentou a disponibilidade de nitrato e potássio na solução do solo. As maiores concentrações de nitrato e potássio foram observadas no segundo ciclo de produção da cultura da videira em ambas as profundidades estudadas.

ABSTRACT In the semiarid region of Brazil the use of irrigation systems for applying fertilizers in horticulture is the primary means for incorporating nutrients in the soil. However, this technique still requires its use in wine vines to be assessed. In view of this, this study aimed to assess nitrate and potassium concentrations in soil fertigated with nitrogen and potassium fertilizers in 3 wine grape growing cycles. A field experiment was conducted with 'Syrah' wine grapes, in Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil; it assessed five nitrogen doses (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1) and five K2O doses (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1) applied by drip irrigation system with two emitters per plant, with a flow rate of 4 L h-1. The experimental design used was the factorial split-plot, making up 13 combinations arranged in 4 randomized blocks. Soil solution samples were collected weekly with the aid of porous cup extractors for all treatments and at depths of 0.4 and 0.6 m by determining nitrate and potassium concentrations and electrical conductivity. Increased levels of both nutrients in the irrigation water increased the availability of nitrate and potassium in the soil solution. The highest nitrate and potassium concentrations were found in the second growing cycle at both depths studied.

ABSTRACT Viticulture is an activity of great social and economic importance in the lower-middle region of the São Francisco River valley in northeastern Brazil. In this region, the fertility of soils under vineyards is generally poor. To assess the effects of organic and nitrogen fertilization on chemical properties and nitrate concentrations in an Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (Typic Plinthustalf), a field experiment was carried out in Petrolina, Pernambuco, on Syrah grapevines. Treatments consisted of two rates of organic fertilizer (0 and 30 m3 ha-1) and five N rates (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 kg ha-1), in a randomized block design arranged in split plots, with five replications. The organic fertilizer levels represented the main plots and the N levels, the subplots. The source of N was urea and the source of organic fertilizer was goat manure. Irrigation was applied through a drip system and N by fertigation. At the end of the third growing season, soil chemical properties were determined and nitrate concentration in the soil solution (extracted by porous cups) was determined. Organic fertilization increased organic matter, pH, EC, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, sum of bases, base saturation, and CEC, but decreased exchangeable Cu concentration in the soil by complexation of Cu in the organic matter. Organic fertilization raised the nitrate concentration in the 0.20-0.40 m soil layer, making it leachable. Nitrate concentration in the soil increased as N rates increased, up to more than 300 mg kg-1 in soil and nearly 800 mg L-1 in the soil solution, becoming prone to leaching losses.

ABSTRACT Soil organic matter (SOM) plays a key role in maintaining the productivity of tropical soils, providing energy and substrate for the biological activity and modifying the physical and chemical characteristics that ensure the maintenance of soil quality and the sustainability of ecosystems. This study assessed the medium-term effect (six years) of the application of five organic composts, produced by combining different agro-industrial residues, on accumulation and chemical characteristics of soil organic matter. Treatments were applied in a long-term experiment of organic management of mango (OMM) initiated in 2005 with a randomized block design with four replications. Two external areas, one with conventional mango cultivation (CMM) and the other a fragment of regenerating Caatinga vegetation (RCF), were used as reference areas. Soil samples were collected in the three management systems from the 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.20 m layers, and the total organic carbon content and chemical fractions of organic matter were evaluated by determining the C contents of humin and humic and fulvic acids. Organic compost application significantly increased the contents of total C and C in humic substances in the experimental plots, mainly in the surface layer. However, compost 3 (50 % coconut bagasse, 40 % goat manure, 10 % castor bean residues) significantly increased the level of the non-humic fraction, probably due to the higher contents of recalcitrant material in the initial composition. The highest increases from application of the composts were in the humin, followed by the fulvic fraction. Compost application increased the proportion of higher molecular weight components, indicating higher stability of the organic matter.

RESUMOA adubação pode influenciar a produção e a composição química do mosto da videira. Assim,o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar osefeitos da aplicação de adubo orgânico e nitrogenado nos atributos do solo e na produção da videira ‘Syrah’ irrigada por gotejamento, durante 3 ciclos de produção (abril a agosto de 2010; novembro de 2010 afevereiro de 2011; maio a setembro de 2011), bem como a composição química do mosto produzido, emPetrolina-PE. Os tratamentos consistiram em 2 doses de adubo orgânico (0 e 30 m3 ha-1 de esterco caprino) e 5 doses de N (0; 10; 20; 40 e 80 kg ha-1), dispostos em blocos casualizados, com 5 repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. A adubação orgânica aumentou os teores de fósforo disponível, CTC e matériaorgânica do solo, diminuindo a acidez total titulável do mosto no primeiro ciclo e proporcionou aumento na produção de frutos e na massa de 100 bagas no terceiro ciclo de produção. As doses de N não influenciaramo número de cachos por planta, a produtividade de frutos, nem as características enológicas.

ABSTRACTFertilization can influence the production and must composition of vine. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of organic and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield of drip irrigated wine grape ‘Syrah’ and on the must composition, in three growing seasons (April to August 2010; November 2010 to February 2011; May to September2011) in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. The treatments consisted of 2 organic fertilizer levels (0 and 30 m3 ha-1 of goat manure) and 5 N levels (0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 kg ha-1), in 5 randomized blocks in split-plot design. The organic fertilization increased the soil organic matter content, the available P, and CEC, as well as decreased the total tritatable acidity in the must in the 1st growing season and increased the yield and the hundred berries weight in the 3rd growing season. The N rates did not influence the number of cluster per plant, neither the fruit yield and enological characteristics.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características químicas do solo, a concentração de nutrientes nas folhas e a produção de mangueiras cultivadas em sistema orgânico. Três compostos denominados A, B e C foram aplicados em três doses cada (0; 5 e 10 t ha-1), em área comercial de produção de mangueira em cultivo orgânico. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em fatorial 3 x 3 (3 compostos x 3 doses), com três repetições. Os compostos orgânicos foram elaborados com resíduos animais e vegetais, enriquecidos com torta de mamona, MB4® e termofosfato. O enriquecimento mostrou-se eficiente em aumentar a concentração de nutrientes nos compostos. Os compostos orgânicos aumentaram os teores de matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), com destaque para o composto C, que apresentou teores totais mais elevados de P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Mn e Zn. A MOS aumentou linearmente com o aumento das doses do composto. A produção e o número de frutos por planta foram maiores com os compostos B e C, que por sua vez apresentaram maiores concentrações totais de nutrientes. As doses de composto proporcionaram aumento linear na concentração foliar de N. A produção de frutos e o número de frutos por planta apresentaram aumento quadrático com as doses de composto, sem apresentar um ponto de máxima.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil chemical characteristics, the nutrient contents in leaves and the production of mango crops grown in the organic system. An experiment was carried out with three composts named A, B and C, using three levels (0, 5 and 10 t ha-1) of each compost in a commercial production of mango on organic cultivation. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, 3 x 3 factorial (3 composts x 3 levels) and three replications. The organic composts were prepared with animal and vegetable waste, enriched with castor bean, MB4® and thermo phosphate. The enrichment was efficient in increasing the content of nutrients in composts. The organic composts increased the levels of soil organic matter (SOM), especially in the compost C, whose soil analysis showed higher levels of total P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Mn and Zn. The SOM increased linearly with the enhancement of the compost levels. Production and fruit number per plant were higher with the use of the B and C composts, which showed higher contents of total nutrients. The compost levels provided a linear increase in N leaf content. The production of fruit (kg ha-1) and fruit number per plant showed quadratic increase with the compost concentrations, without presenting a maximum point.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a aplicação de medidas de acurácia para determinar a utilidade de diagnósticos nutricionais para comparação de fórmulas DRIS, e avaliar o emprego dessas medidas no processo de modelagem das funções do Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação (DRIS). Foram avaliadas três fórmulas: relações bivariadas simplificadas; relações multivariadas; e modelagem das funções DRIS. Foram utilizados dados de monitoramento nutricional de pomares de mangueiras cultivadas no Vale do São Francisco. O desempenho das fórmulas foi avaliado com base na concordância de seus diagnósticos com o proporcionado pelo método das faixas de suficiência. Foram determinadas as acurácias global e de insuficiência, de equilíbrio, de excesso, de deficiência, de suficiência e de toxicidade nutricional. A fórmula simplificada e a de relações multivariadas tiveram resultados semelhantes para as acurácias de deficiência e insuficiência, mas inferior ao da fórmula DRIS para modelagem das funções. Esta última, por possibilitar o ajuste do coeficiente de sensibilidade de cada função DRIS, mostrou-se promissora para diminuir riscos de diagnósticos falsos de deficiência (deixar de recomendar o nutriente quando ele é necessário) e de insuficiência (recomendar o nutriente quando ele não é necessário). No entanto, a fórmula DRIS para modelagem das funções não mostra desempenho satisfatório nas demais medidas de acurácia.

The objective of this work was to test the application of accuracy measures to determine the usefulness of nutritional diagnosis to compare different DRIS formulas, and to evaluate the use of these measures in the DRIS function modeling process. Three DRIS formulas were evaluated: bivariate relations (simplified); multivariate relations; and DRIS function modeling. Monitoring data from commercial mango orchards grown at São Francisco River Valley, Brazil, were used. Formula performances were evaluated based on the agreement of their diagnoses with the one provided by the sufficiency range method. Global accuracy, and the ones for insufficiency, equilibrium, excess, deficiency, sufficiency and nutritional toxicity were determined. The simplified and multivariate formulas showed similar results for insufficiency and deficiency accuracies, but they had a lower performance than the DRIS function modeling formula. This latter, for allowing of the adjustment of each DRIS function sensibility coefficient, showed to be promising in reducing the risks of false diagnosis for deficiency (as for not recommend the nutrient when it is necessary) and for insufficiency (as for recommend the nutrient when it is not necessary). However, the DRIS formula for function modeling does not show a satisfactory performance for other accuracy measures.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de fosfatos naturais no cultivo irrigado de melão orgânico, foram conduzidos dois ensaios em Petrolina-PE, sendo um em Argissolo Amarelo (PA) e outro num Argissolo Acinzentado (PAC). Foram avaliados os seguintes tratamentos: 1- testemunha (sem P); 2- 50 kg ha-1 de P2O5 na forma de superfosfato triplo (ST); 3- 100 kg ha-1 de P2O5 na forma de ST; 4- 150 kg ha-1 de P2O5 na forma de ST; 5- 100 kg ha-1 de P2O5 na forma de termofosfato; 6- 100 kg ha-1 de P2O5 na forma de fosfato natural de Gafsa, e 7- 100 kg ha-1 de P2O5 na forma de fosfato natural Fosbahia. O melão apresentou resposta semelhante às doses de P nos dois solos, cujas produtividades máximas de 26,00 t ha-1 e 25,46 t ha-1 foram obtidas com 107,6 kg ha-1 e 118,6 kg ha-1 de P2O5 no PA e PAC, respectivamente. A eficiência do termofosfato, fosfato de Gafsa e Fosbahia em relação ao ST assumiu a sequência de 86,2%, 77,1% e 71,9% no PA e 101,5%, 72,3% e 67,3% no PAC, demonstrando que o termofosfato é a fonte de fósforo mais indicada para ser usada no cultivo orgânico do melão. São necessários 843,12 kg de termofosfato para produzir 25.000 kg ha-1 de melão, o que representa 3,4% do custo de produção.

Aiming to evaluate the efficiency of natural phosphates in melon organic cropping under irrigation, two experiments were carried out in Petrolina-PE, one in a Yellow Argisol (PA) and other in a Grey Argisol (PAC). The evaluated treatments were: 1 - without P, 2 - 50 kg ha-1 of P2O5 as triple super phosphate (TS), 3 - 100 kg ha-1 of P2O5 as TS, 4 - 150 kg ha-1 of P2O5 as TS, 5 - 100 kg ha-1 of P2O5 as thermo phosphate, 6 - 100 kg ha-1 of P2O5 as natural phosphate of Gafsa and 7 - 100 kg ha-1 of P2O5 as natural phosphate Fosbahia. The melon crop showed similar responses to the P application in both soils, whose maximum productivities of 26.00 t ha-1 and 25.46 t ha-1 were obtained with 107.6 kg ha-1 and 118.6 kg ha-1 of P2O5 in PA and PAC, respectively. The efficiency of thermo phosphate, phosphate of Gafsa and Fosbahia in relation to TS assumed the sequence of 86.2%, 77.1% and 71.9% in PA and 101.5%, 72.3% and 67.3% in PAC. These results suggest that thermo phosphate is the most appropriated phosphate source to be used in the melon organic cropping. It is necessary 843.12 kg of thermo phosphate to produce 25 t ha-1 of melon fruit that represent 3.4% of the production cost.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da aplicação pré-colheita de cálcio na qualidade e no teor de nutrientes de frutos de manga Tommy Atkins, foi realizado um experimento em um pomar comercial com dez anos de idade, localizado no município de Petrolina-PE. Foram avaliados sete tratamentos, sendo duas fontes comerciais de cálcio e três dosagens de cada fonte (5,8; 11,6 e 17,4 mmol L-1 de Ca na forma de Ca-quelatizado e 45,0; 90,0 e 135,0 mmol L-1 de Ca na forma de CaCl2.2H2O), além de um tratamento-controle. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As aplicações dos tratamentos foram realizadas quinzenalmente, iniciadas quando os frutos apresentavam tamanho chumbinho (5 a 10 mm) e estenderam-se até duas semanas antes da colheita. Foram realizadas seis pulverizações de uma calda contendo os tratamentos, sendo que, em cada aplicação, foram fornecidos 12,5 L/planta de calda. Os frutos foram colhidos no estádio de maturação 2. Quarenta frutos, agrupados em lotes de dez, foram acondicionados em caixas de papelão com capacidade para 6 kg e submetidos ao armazenamento por 0; 20; 30 e 40 dias sob refrigeração (10.5±1.0°C e 90±5% de UR). Depois de retirados da câmara fria, os frutos foram mantidos por cinco dias em sala de amadurecimento a 21±1°C e 60±5% de UR. Foram determinados os teores de N, K, Ca e Mg na casca e na polpa dos frutos no lote equivalente ao tempo inicial de armazenamento e avaliada a incidência de colapso interno em todos os lotes. A aplicação de cálcio tanto na forma quelatizada quanto de sal solúvel aumentou as concentrações do nutriente na casca dos frutos. Aplicações de Ca-quelatizado mostraram-se eficientes em aumentar as concentrações de cálcio na polpa dos frutos, podendo contribuir para prevenir a ocorrência de colapso interno em curto período de armazenamento.

The effect of calcium on quality and nutrient level of mango cv. "Tommy Atkins" was studied when applied prior to harvest on a ten-year old orchard, in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Three levels of two commercial calcium sources (5.8; 11.6 and 17.3 mmol L-1 of Ca as chelate Ca and 45.0; 90.0 and 135.0 mmol L-1 of Ca as the soluble salt CaCl2.2H2O), and a control treatment were evaluated, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Calcium was applied every two weeks, starting at the fruit set stage (fruits 5 to 10 mm long) up to two weeks before harvest. Six sprayings of solutions containing the calcium treatments were applied providing 12.5 L of the solution/plant in each application. The fruits were harvested in the ripening stage 2. Forty fruits were grouped in four lots of ten, placed into cardboard boxes with capacity for 6 kg and stored for 0, 20, 30 and 40 days under refrigeration (10.5±1.0°C and 90±5% RH). After removed from the cold chamber, the fruits were kept for five days in a ripening room at 21±1°C and 60±5% RH. N, K, Ca and Mg contents in the flesh and skin were determined in the lot equivalent to the shortest time of storage and the incidence of internal breakdown was evaluated in all four lots. Calcium application in both chelate and soluble salt forms increased the nutrient contents in the skin. Applications of chelate Ca showed to be efficient in increasing the calcium contents in the fruit flesh, contributing to prevent the occurrence of internal breakdown in short storage periods.

O presente trabalho avaliou a produtividade e as características físicas e químicas dos frutos de goiabeira 'Paluma' em diferentes estádios de maturação, sob a influência de adubações nitrogenada e potássica, em Petrolina-PE. As plantas foram submetidas à aplicação de 67 kg N + 33 kg K2O, 133 kg N + 67 kg K2O, 200 kg N + 100 kg K2O and 267 kg N + 133 kg K2O por hectare, sendo os frutos avaliados nos estádios de maturação 2; 3; 4 e 5, caracterizados conforme a cor da casca. As maiores doses de N e K resultaram em maiores produtividades, mas as aplicações de 200 kg de N + 100 kg de K por hectare favoreceram a qualidade do fruto, resultando em menor degradação de ácido ascórbico e preservação da firmeza da polpa. As principais mudanças que ocorreram entre os estádios 4 e 5, quando o fruto apresentaria condições ideais para consumo, foram relativas ao acúmulo de sólidos solúveis e de açúcares solúveis.

Yield and physical and chemical characteristics of 'Paluma' guava fruit were evaluated as a function of the harvest at different maturity stages, under influence of nitrogen and potassium fertilization, in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Fertilizer rates were 67 kg N + 33 kg K2O, 133 kg N + 67 kg K2O, 200 kg N + 100 kg K2O and 267 kg N + 133 kg K2O per hectare. Fruits were evaluated at maturity stages 2, 3, 4 and 5, established according to peel color. Higher doses of N and K induced higher yields. Nevertheless, fertilization with 200 kg of N + 100 kg of K per hectare improved fruit quality, delaying ascorbic acid breakdown and conserving pulp firmness. Main changes took place at maturity stages 4 and 5, when the fruit should present ideal conditions for consumption, namely the increase on soluble solids and soluble sugars content.

A goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Paluma é cultivada no Vale do São Francisco, tanto para consumo in natura como para industrialização. Apesar da sua importância, existe pouco conhecimento científico em relação à fisiologia, nutrição mineral, irrigação e fertirrigação da goiabeira. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das condições meteorológicas e das diferentes doses de N e K, aplicados via fertirrigação, no teor foliar de açúcares redutores, açúcares solúveis totais, amido, sacarose, aminoácidos e proteínas totais. O experimento de campo foi desenvolvido no Campo Experimental Bebedouro e as análises bioquímicas no Laboratório de Sementes e Fisiologia Vegetal, ambos localizados na Embrapa Semi-Árido, Petrolina-PE. Foram utilizadas as doses de 200 g N e 100 g K2O; ; 400 g N e 200 g K2O; 600 g N e 300 g K2O e 800 g N e 400 g K2O por planta. O experimento foi disposto em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco blocos. As condições meteorológicas influenciaram na fotossíntese das plantas, que, por sua vez, interferiu no metabolismo das mesmas. Para cada parâmetro avaliado, as goiabeiras apresentaram respostas específicas à fertirrigação com N e K. As condições meteorológicas durante os períodos avaliados influenciaram na resposta das goiabeiras à fertirrigação com N e K.

The guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Paluma has been cultivated in São Francisco Valley, Northeastern of Brazil, for in natura consumption and processing purposes. In spite of its importance, there are few scientific knowledge regarding guava physiology, nutrition, irrigation and fertigation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of weather conditions and different concentrations of N and K applied by fertigation in foliar contents of reducing sugars, total soluble sugars, starch, sucrose, amino acids, and proteins. The field experiment was carried out at Bebedouro Experimental Field and the biochemical evaluations at the Laboratory of Seed and Plant Physiology, both located at Embrapa Semi-Árido, Petrolina-PE. The doses of 200 g N and 100 g K2O; 400 g N and 200 g K2O; 600 g N and 300 g K2O; and 800 g N and 400 g K2O per plant were applied in an experiment field. The experimental design was totally randomized blocks, with four treatments and five blocks. The weather conditions influenced the plant photosynthesis, which affects the plants metabolism. Guava presented specific responses to N and K fertigation for each parameter evaluated. The weather conditions during the evaluation period influenced guava responses to N and K fertigation.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi modelar o fator k e as funções DRIS para a diagnose foliar de mangueiras cultivadas. Dez pomares comerciais, no estágio de produção, localizados no vale do Rio São Francisco, foram monitorados, mensalmente, durante dois anos, por meio da coleta de amostras foliares para determinação dos teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Fe, Mn, Zn e Cu. Os dados foram testados quanto à normalidade e as relações entre as concentrações dos nutrientes foram usadas para calcular as normas DRIS, obtendo-se média, variância e limites máximo e mínimo de cada relação dentro da população amostrada. Os nutrientes foram classificados como macronutrientes de resposta freqüente (MAF) (N, P e K), macronutrientes de resposta rara (MAR) (Ca e Mg); micronutrientes de resposta freqüente (MIF) (B, Fe, Mn e Zn) e, micronutrientes de resposta rara (MIR) (Cu). Funções DRIS foram desenvolvidas para cada classe de nutrientes. O modelo desenvolvido expressa o balanço nutricional das plantas cultivadas ajustado a cada nutriente e reflete o comportamento biológico das plantas como resultado da variação da disponibilidade dos nutrientes.

The objective of this work was to model DRIS functions and k factor on foliar diagnosis of mango crops. Ten commercial orchards, at yield stage, in the São Francisco River valley were monitored, monthly, during a two-year period, by means of collecting leaf samples to determine N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu concentrations. Data were tested for normality and bivariate relationships between nutrient concentrations were used to calculate DRIS norms. Mean, variance as well as minimum and maximum values were calculated for each relationship within the population. Nutrients were classified as follows: highly responsive macronutrients (HRMa) (N, P and K); rarely responsive macronutrients (RRMa) (Ca and Mg); highly responsive micronutrients (HRMi) (B, Fe, Mn and Zn), and rarely responsive micronutrients (RRMi) (Cu). DRIS functions were developed for each nutrient class. Results showed that the developed model expresses the nutritional balance adjusted for each nutrient, and reflects the expected biological behavior of plants as a result of variation in the availability of nutrients.